{"id":1835,"date":"2025-07-08T07:55:10","date_gmt":"2025-07-08T05:55:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/?p=1835"},"modified":"2025-07-08T07:55:51","modified_gmt":"2025-07-08T05:55:51","slug":"jan-krticka-zvuk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/?p=1835","title":{"rendered":"Jan Krti\u010dka: Zvuk"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Zkusme chv\u00edli pozorn\u011b naslouchat sv\u00e9mu okol\u00ed. Vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed vjemy n\u00e1s obklopuj\u00ed na ka\u017ed\u00e9m kroku, ale zvuk\u016fm kolem n\u00e1s nev\u011bnujeme p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 v\u011bdom\u00e9 pozornosti. Jak zn\u00ed m\u011bsto, les nebo jen oby\u010dejn\u00e9 r\u00e1no? A dok\u00e1zali bychom to v\u016fbec popsat nebo zachytit nahr\u00e1vkou? Poj\u010fme se pono\u0159it do zvukov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde se z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u0161umu m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed krajina pln\u00e1 v\u00fdznam\u016f, emoc\u00ed i p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak to tam vypad\u00e1? Tuto ot\u00e1zku klademe velmi \u010dasto. Z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho d\u016fvodu je na\u0161e kultura orientovan\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u011b vizu\u00e1ln\u011b. M\u00e1lokdy se n\u011bkdo zept\u00e1, jak n\u011bkter\u00e9 m\u00edsto zn\u00ed. Sp\u00ed\u0161 by ho zaj\u00edmalo, co n\u011bkdo \u0159\u00edkal. Jako by jin\u00e9 zvuky, ne\u017e \u0159e\u010d, nem\u011bly v sob\u011b podstatn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sd\u011blen\u00ed. Zvuk pov\u011bt\u0161inou registrujeme na pozad\u00ed vjem\u016f. Sly\u0161\u00edme, ale neum\u00edme poslouchat. Ned\u00e1vno jsem p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lel o tom, jak zn\u00ed m\u011bsto \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem, zda m\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00e9 charakteristick\u00e9 zvuky, na jejich\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b by bylo rozpoznateln\u00e9. Vzpomn\u011bl jsem si, jak m\u011b jednou p\u0159ekvapil hluk \u017eeleznice p\u0159i proch\u00e1zce k Va\u0148ovsk\u00e9mu vodop\u00e1du. Hlubok\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed Labe lemuje dr\u00e1ha po obou jeho b\u0159ez\u00edch. Pokud proj\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed vlaky v jednu chv\u00edli Va\u0148ovem i St\u0159ekovem, odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed se jejich rachot od p\u0159\u00edkr\u00fdch svah\u016f a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ne\u010dekan\u011b silnou hlukovou kulisu. Tak\u00e9 jsem si vzpomn\u011bl na hukot Spolchemie, nebo zvuky \u00fasteck\u00e9ho z\u00e1padn\u00edho n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nesou a\u017e na Kl\u00ed\u0161i. Nejsem si ale \u00fapln\u011b jist\u00fd, jestli bych \u00dast\u00ed z nahr\u00e1vky nebo poslepu poznal. Mo\u017en\u00e1 st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b nenaslouch\u00e1m sv\u00e9mu okol\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b pozorn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V 60. letech 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161el kanadsk\u00fd hudebn\u00ed skladatel R. M. Schafer s pojmy \u201ezvukov\u00e1 krajina\u201c a \u201ezvukov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed\u201c. Pozoroval, jak\u00e9 zvuky n\u00e1s obklopuj\u00ed, jak je vn\u00edm\u00e1me a interpretujeme a kde jsou hranice hudby. Spolu se sv\u00fdmi kolegy ze Simon Fraser University ve Vancouveru za\u010dal mapovat, nahr\u00e1vat a katalogizovat zvukov\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed m\u011bsta a jeho okol\u00ed. V souvislosti s t\u00edm si uv\u011bdomili, \u017ee tato prost\u0159ed\u00ed nejsou st\u00e1l\u00e1 a prom\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed se v \u010dase v souvislosti se zm\u011bnami ve spole\u010dnosti. Jejich pr\u00e1ce m\u011b siln\u011b inspirovala k tomu, abych za\u010dal pozorn\u011bji naslouchat tomu, co se kolem m\u011b d\u011bje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u017edy m\u011b fascinovala skute\u010dnost, \u017ee netu\u0161\u00edme, jak zn\u011bl sv\u011bt do vyn\u00e1lezu nahr\u00e1vac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. M\u016f\u017eeme si jen dom\u00fd\u0161let, jak zn\u011bla nap\u0159. m\u011bsta bez aut, nebo vesnice bez traktor\u016f, seka\u010dek, cirkul\u00e1rek… D\u00edky kresb\u011b, malb\u011b a grafice si m\u016f\u017eeme ud\u011blat alespo\u0148 hrubou p\u0159edstavu, jak vypadal sv\u011bt p\u0159ed stovkami let. Pro zvuk nic takov\u00e9ho, krom\u011b hudebn\u00ed notace, je\u017e zachycuje pouze d\u00e9lku a frekvenci t\u00f3nu, neexistuje. Zvuk se odehr\u00e1val v\u017edy jen v p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m okam\u017eiku. Nahr\u00e1vac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a specifick\u00e9 mikrofony umo\u017enily zaznamenat a ulo\u017eit nejen hudbu a mluven\u00e9 slovo, ale i zvuky rozli\u010dn\u00fdch m\u00edst a \u010dinnost\u00ed.  Na jednu stranu je to skv\u011bl\u00e9 – zvuky nemiz\u00ed a m\u016f\u017eeme si je v\u017edy znova p\u0159ehr\u00e1t – na druhou stranu si v\u0161ak nemysl\u00edm, \u017ee bychom se d\u00edky tomu nau\u010dili l\u00e9pe sly\u0161et. Mo\u017en\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161e naopak. K re\u00e1ln\u00fdm zvuk\u016fm p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1me zvuky reprodukovan\u00e9 a v takto navrstven\u00e9m a p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edm se zmatku n\u00e1m nezb\u00fdv\u00e1 nic jin\u00e9ho, ne\u017e ignorovat to, o \u010dem si mysl\u00edme, \u017ee je nepodstatn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaznamenat zvuk je v sou\u010dasnosti zd\u00e1nliv\u011b velmi jednoduch\u00e9. R\u016fzn\u00e1 mal\u00e1 p\u0159enosn\u00e1 nahr\u00e1vac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou cenov\u011b velmi dostupn\u00e1 a jsou tak\u00e9 velmi jednoduch\u00e1 na ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Zd\u00e1 se tedy, \u017ee sta\u010d\u00ed stisknout tla\u010d\u00edtko record a z\u00e1znam vznikne s\u00e1m od sebe. Technicky to tak je, co se v\u0161ak t\u00fd\u010de obsahu, tak je to pon\u011bkud komplikovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Jsem p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00fd o tom, \u017ee p\u0159ed t\u00edm, ne\u017e se za\u010dneme u\u010dit zach\u00e1zet s mikrofony a nahr\u00e1vadly, m\u011bli bychom dok\u00e1zat v\u011bdom\u011b a soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u011b poslouchat. Zd\u00e1 se to b\u00fdt ban\u00e1ln\u00ed. V\u017edy\u0165 p\u0159ece sly\u0161\u00edme v\u0161e kolem sebe zcela automaticky. P\u0159ekvapiv\u011b je v\u0161ak na\u0161e b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 poslouch\u00e1n\u00ed docela povrchn\u00ed. Neuv\u011bdomujeme si, co je v jednotliv\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch zvuku, kter\u00fd n\u00e1s obklopuje, jak je to usazen\u00e9 v prostoru, co to znamen\u00e1, v jak\u00e9m vztahu jsou zvuky v\u016f\u010di sob\u011b\u2026 Zku\u0161enost se soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fdm poslechem je velmi obohacuj\u00edc\u00ed. N\u00e1hle sv\u011bt kolem n\u00e1s z\u00edsk\u00e1 mnohem hlub\u0161\u00ed prostor a stane se vjemov\u011b mnohem bohat\u0161\u00edm. M\u016f\u017eeme naslouchat analyticky: rozkr\u00fdvat a pojmenov\u00e1vat si jednotliv\u00e9 zvuky a jejich zdroje, lovit je, vytahovat z hlukov\u00e9 zm\u011bti. Nebo se n\u00e1m naslouch\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t a\u017e meditac\u00ed, kdy jsme v\u011bdom\u00edm zcela p\u0159\u00edtomni, zvuky kolem n\u00e1s proch\u00e1zej\u00ed a my je registrujeme, ale nijak nehodnot\u00edme, jsme pouze s nimi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S takovouto zku\u0161enost\u00ed se pak nahr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed stane zcela n\u011b\u010d\u00edm jin\u00fdm. Jsme schopni se rozhodnout, co je pro z\u00e1znam d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 a co ru\u0161iv\u00e9, dok\u00e1\u017eeme zam\u011b\u0159it pozornost na podstatn\u00e9, identifikovat d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zvukov\u00e9 objekty, nebo zvukovou stopu spr\u00e1vn\u011b or\u00e1movat. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto p\u0159ipravovan\u00fd kurz za\u010dne spole\u010dn\u00fdmi zvukov\u00fdmi proch\u00e1zkami a anal\u00fdzou i reflex\u00ed zp\u016fsob\u016f na\u0161eho naslouch\u00e1n\u00ed okol\u00ed. Pokus\u00edme se tak\u00e9 identifikovat rozd\u00edly mezi t\u00edm, jak sly\u0161\u00edme p\u0159irozen\u011b a skrze mikrofon a vyzkou\u0161\u00edme si, jak nastavit nahr\u00e1vac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, abychom zachytili to, co je na\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1m\u011brem. Otestujeme n\u011bkolik druh\u016f mikrofon\u016f a nahr\u00e1vadel a zkus\u00edme identifikovat r\u016fzn\u00e9 situace hodn\u00e9 zaznamen\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 nahr\u00e1vky n\u00e1sledn\u011b z\u00e1kladn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem uprav\u00edme tak, aby byly pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 z\u00e1m\u011bry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jan Krti\u010dka<\/strong> je \u010desk\u00fd um\u011blec a pedagog, kter\u00fd ve sv\u00e9 tvorb\u011b \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zvuk a klade d\u016fraz na koncept a prostorov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Jeho z\u00e1jem se soust\u0159ed\u00ed na krajinu a dokumentaci lidsk\u00fdch z\u00e1sah\u016f v n\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pl\u00e1novanou n\u00e1hodu a \u010derp\u00e1 z mnohotv\u00e1rnosti p\u0159\u00edrody ve spojen\u00ed s lidsk\u00fdm elementem. Spolu s Robertem Vlas\u00e1kem vede na FUD UJEP ateli\u00e9r P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed materi\u00e1ly. Vedle um\u011bleck\u00e9 a pedagogick\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce p\u0159ipravil jak editor k vyd\u00e1n\u00ed publikace Dokumentace um\u011bn\u00ed<\/em> a Sound and Environment: Contemporary Approaches to Sonic Ecology in Art.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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foto Ji\u0159\u00ed Dvo\u0159\u00e1k a archiv Jana Krti\u010dky<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odkaz na BOD.FUD: Kurzy kreativn\u00ed praxe<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zkusme chv\u00edli pozorn\u011b naslouchat sv\u00e9mu okol\u00ed. Vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed vjemy n\u00e1s obklopuj\u00ed na ka\u017ed\u00e9m kroku, ale zvuk\u016fm kolem n\u00e1s nev\u011bnujeme p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 v\u011bdom\u00e9 pozornosti. Jak zn\u00ed m\u011bsto, les nebo jen oby\u010dejn\u00e9 r\u00e1no? A dok\u00e1zali bychom to v\u016fbec popsat nebo zachytit nahr\u00e1vkou? Poj\u010fme se pono\u0159it do zvukov\u00fdch prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde se z b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u0161umu m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed krajina pln\u00e1 v\u00fdznam\u016f, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1748,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[25],"class_list":["post-1835","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kurzy","tag-kurzy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1835","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1835"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1835\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1846,"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1835\/revisions\/1846"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1748"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1835"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1835"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bod.ujep.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1835"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}